Incidence and prognosis of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain: a national multi-center survey of 35 566 population / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: This cross-sectional investigation aimed to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, prognosis, and related risk factors of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain in mainland China. Methods: Data of patients with SARS-CoV-2 from December 28, 2022, to February 21, 2023, were collected through online and offline questionnaires from 45 tertiary hospitals and one center for disease control and prevention in mainland China. The questionnaire included demographic information, previous health history, smoking and alcohol drinking, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, olfactory and gustatory function before and after infection, other symptoms after infection, as well as the duration and improvement of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The self-reported olfactory and gustatory functions of patients were evaluated using the Olfactory VAS scale and Gustatory VAS scale. Results: A total of 35 566 valid questionnaires were obtained, revealing a high incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (67.75%). Females(χ2=367.013, P<0.001) and young people(χ2=120.210, P<0.001) were more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Gender(OR=1.564, 95%CI: 1.487-1.645), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), oral health status (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.839-0.926), smoking history (OR=1.152, 95%CI=1.080-1.229), and drinking history (OR=0.854, 95%CI: 0.785-0.928) were correlated with the occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2(above P<0.001). 44.62% (4 391/9 840) of the patients who had not recovered their sense of smell and taste also suffered from nasal congestion, runny nose, and 32.62% (3 210/9 840) suffered from dry mouth and sore throat. The improvement of olfactory and taste functions was correlated with the persistence of accompanying symptoms(χ2=10.873, P=0.001). The average score of olfactory and taste VAS scale was 8.41 and 8.51 respectively before SARS-CoV-2 infection, but decreased to3.69 and 4.29 respectively after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and recovered to 5.83and 6.55 respectively at the time of the survey. The median duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions was 15 days and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% (121/24 096) of patients experiencing these dysfunctions for more than 28 days. The overall self-reported improvement rate of smell and taste dysfunctions was 59.16% (14 256/24 096). Gender(OR=0.893, 95%CI: 0.839-0.951), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), history of head and facial trauma(OR=1.180, 95%CI: 1.036-1.344, P=0.013), nose (OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.042-1.171, P=0.001) and oral (OR=1.162, 95%CI: 1.096-1.233) health status, smoking history(OR=0.765, 95%CI: 0.709-0.825), and the persistence of accompanying symptoms (OR=0.359, 95%CI: 0.332-0.388) were correlated with the recovery of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2 (above P<0.001 except for the indicated values). Conclusion: The incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain is high in mainland China, with females and young people more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Active and effective intervention measures may be required for cases that persist for a long time. The recovery of olfactory and taste functions is influenced by several factors, including gender, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, history of head and facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking history, and persistence of accompanying symptoms.

Endoscopic posterior nasal neurectomy for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: anatomy and analysis of clinical efficacy / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective: To propose total posterior nasal neurectomy with transection of sphenopalatine neurovascular bundle from anatomy for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, and to explore its clinical application. Methods: Two fresh cadaveric heads (4 sides) were dissected through endoscopic transnasal middle meatus approach at Otorhinolaryngology Anatomy Laboratory of China-Japan Friendship Hospital. The structures of the craniofacial bone related to the surgical approach were observed. Twelve patients with allergic rhinitis who treated in Department of Otorhinolaryngology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital from Feb. 1 2019 to Jun. 10 2021 were selected. All the patients were treated by posterior nasal neurotomy with the technique of complete transection of sphenopalatine neurovascular bundle and followed up for 1 year after sugery. During the follow-up, 2 patients were lost. The other 10 patients included 4 males and 6 females, aging from 29 to 69 years. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) were used to evaluate the effect of the surgery. SPSS 25.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Important anatomic landmarks of transnasal middle meatus approach were obtained during anatomy, such as ethmoid crest, sphenopalatine foramen/notch, palatine orbital process and sphenopalatine process. The postoperative VAS scores of nose, eye, pharynx, ear and whole body and total VAS scores were significantly lower than those before operation, with statistically significant difference (nose 2.50±1.70 vs 6.47±2.17, eyes 1.15±0.89 vs 3.60±2.57, pharynx 1.30±1.36 vs 4.25±3.64, ear 1.10±1.03 vs 2.67±2.00, whole body 1.08±1.24 vs 3.60±1.17, total 7.13±4.31 vs 20.58±9.05, all P<0.05). The postoperative RQLQ scores of sleep, nose, eyes, practical problems, emotion, activity and the total RQLQ scores of patients were significantly lower than those before operation, with statistically significant difference (sleep 0.80±0.69 vs 2.93±1.33, nose 1.38±1.18 vs 3.93±1.50, eyes 0.58±0.66 vs 1.80±1.25, practical problems 1.10±1.22 vs 3.03±1.84, emotion 1.00±1.81 vs 2.58±2.00, activity 2.77±2.93 vs 6.00±1.85, total 8.99±8.92 vs 22.42±8.69, all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in preoperative and postoperative scores of non-nasal/ocular symptoms (1.37±1.60 vs 2.16±1.12, P=0.166). There was no other complication except 2 cases with short-term postoperative numbness. Conclusions: Total posterior nasal neurectomy with transection of sphenopalatine neurovascular bundle is a safe, effective and feasible method for the treatment of intractable allergic rhinitis, and its long-term efficacy needs further observation.

Current status and challenges for taeniasis and cysticercosis control in China / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

In the WHO new road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021—2030, the disease-specific targets are classified into control, elimination as a public health problem, elimination and eradication, and taeniasis and cysticercosis are targeted for control. The overall prevalence of taeniasis and cysticercosis is low in China, and varies remarkably in regions and populations; however, there are many challenges for elimination of taeniasis and cysticercosis in China. Based on previous taeniasis and cysticercosis control programs, developing a sensitive taeniasis and cysticercosis surveillance-response system, updating criteria for diagnosis of taeniasis and cysticercosis, proposing a national guideline for treatment of taeniasis and cysticercosis, and strengthening interdisciplinary and intersectoral communications and collaborations are urgently needed under the One Health concept.

Investigation of the metabolites of five major constituents from Berberis amurensis in normal and pseudo germ-free rats / 中国天然药物

Berberis amurensis (Berberidaceae) is a traditional Chinese medicine, which is often used to treat hypertension, inflammation, dysentery and enteritis. It contains alkaloids, mainly including berberine, berbamine, magnoflorine, jatrorrhizine and palmatine. Berberis amurensis extracts (BAEs) is often orally taken. Oral herbs might be metabolized by intestinal bacteria in the small intestine. However, the interaction between the herb and the gut microbiota is still unknown. In the current study, UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS combined with Metabolitepilot and Peakview software was used to identify the metabolites of BAEs in anti-biotic cocktail induced pseudo germ-free rats and normal rats. As a result, a total of 46 metabolites in normal rats were detected and its main metabolic pathways include demethylation, dehydrogenation, methylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and glucuronidation. Only 29 metabolites existed in pseudo germ-free rats. Dehydrogenated metabolites (M29, M30, M34 and M36), methylated metabolites (M33, M41 and M46) and other metabolites were not detected in pseudo germ-free rats. The result implied that the intestinal bacteria have an influence on the metabolism of BAEs. Furthermore, this investigation might contribute to the understanding of the metabolism of BAEs, and further promote its clinical application.

Epidemic trend and control progress of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Soil-transmitted nematodiasis was once widely prevalent in Jiangsu Province, which seriously threatened human health and hindered socioeconomic development. The control efforts over decades resulted in a remarkable decline in the prevalence of soil-transmitted nematode human infections in Jiangsu Province, with a reduction from 59.32% in 1989 to 0.12% in 2019, and the human prevalence remains at < 0.5% since 2013. Since 1987, an integrated strategy has been adopted for the control of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province; however, the core interventions varies at different stages, which mainly include deworming, water and sanitation service improvement, health education, and monitoring and assessment. The criteria of effective soil-transmitted nematodiasis control had been achieved in all epidemic counties (districts) of Jiangsu Province by 2019. Further actions to strengthen health education and monitoring and implement precision control measures are required to consolidate the achievements of soil-transmitted nematodiasis control and eliminate the harm of soil-transmitted nematodiasis to humans. This review summarizes the epidemiology, control progress and evolution of control strategy of soil-transmitted nematodiasis in Jiangsu Province.

MiR-218 Targeting Bmi-1 Inhibits Proliferation of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the molecular mechanism by which miR-218 targeting Bmi-1 inhibits the proliferation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells.@*METHODS@#APL cell line HL-60 was transfected by miR-218 and RNA-negative control sequences, respectively. The expression of miR-218 in cells was detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The effect of transfected miR-218 on the proliferation of APL cells was detected by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. The regulation effect of miR-218 on Bmi-1 expression was determined by Western blot. The correlation of miR-218 expressions with Bmi-1 was analyzed by Spearman test. The targeted relationship between miR-218 and Bmi-1 was verified by luciferase assay.@*RESULTS@#MTT assay showed that the proliferation of HL-60 cells in vitro was inhibited by high expression miR-218 significantly. Flow cytometry showed that the G1 and G2 phase cells increased while the S phase cells decreased after transfected by miR-218. Western blot showed that the level of Bmi-1 protein in HL-60 cells decreased significantly after transfection of miR-218 (P＜0.05). Spearman correlation analysis showed that the mRNA level of miR-218 negatively correlated with the protein content of Bmi-1 (r=-0.326, P＜0.01). Luciferase assay indicated that Bmi-1 could targeted on miR-218 directly.@*CONCLUSION@#miR-218 can inhibit the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of APL cells, which can be related with the down-regulated of Bmi-1.

Establishment of a recombinase-aided isothermal amplification assay for nucleic acid detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To establish a recombinase-aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for the nucleic acid detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Methods The internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) gene sequence of A. cantonensis was used as the detection target sequence, and the specific primers and probes were designed and synthesized, followed by screening of the primers and probes with the highest specificity, to establish the basic and fluorescent RAA assay for nucleic acid detection of A. cantonensis. The sensitivity of the fluorescent RAA assay was evaluated by using the target gene fragment sequence-contained recombinant plasmids at various copy numbers and the genomic DNA from A. cantonensis as the template DNA samples, and the specificity of the fluorescent RAA assay was evaluated by using the genomic DNA from A. cantonensis, Schistosoma mansoni, Ascaris lumbricoides, Clonorchis sinensis, Echinococcus granulosus and Ancylostoma duodenale, as well as Pomacea canaliculata and Biomphalaria straminea snail tissues as the template DNA samples. Results A fluorescent RAA assay was successfully established for nucleic acid detection of A. cantonensis, which achieved real-time amplification of the specific DNA fragment of A. cantonensis within 20 min at 37 ℃. By using the target gene fragment sequence-contained recombinant plasmids at various copy numbers and the genomic DNA from A. cantonensis as the DNA templates, the lowest detection limits of the fluorescent RAA assay were 10 copies/μL of recombinant plasmids and 100 pg/μL of genomic DNA, respectively. The fluorescent RAA assay was negative for detection of the genomic DNA from A. cantonensis, S. mansoni, A. lumbricoides, C. sinensis, E. granulosus, A. duodenale, and P. canaliculata and B. straminea snail tissues. Conclusions A simple, rapid fluorescent RAA assay has been successfully established, which has a high sensitivity and specificity for the nucleic acid detection of A. cantonensis.

Establishment and preliminary evaluation of recombinase aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for specific nucleic acid detection of Clonorchis sinensis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To establish a recombinase aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for detection of Clonorchis sinensis. Methods The 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) sequence of C. sinensis was used as the target sequence, and specific primers and probes were designed, synthesized and screened to establish a rapid fluorescent RAA assay for the detection of C. sinensis. Then, the sensitivity of the fluorescent RAA assay was evaluated using the recombinant plasmids containing various copy numbers of DNA fragments and C. sinensis genomic DNA at various concentrations, and the specificity of the fluorescent RAA as say was evaluated using the genomic DNA of Ascaris lumbricoides, Echinococcus granulosus, Schistosoma japonicum, Ancylostoma duodenale and S. mansoni as templates. DNA samples were extracted from the feces containing C. sinensis eggs and freshwater fish containing metacercaria for the fluorescent RAA assay, and the performance for detection of C. sinensis-infected samples was preliminarily assessed in the field. Results A fluorescent RAA assay for detection of C. sinensis was successfully established, which was feasible for specific amplification of C. sinensis genomic DNA at 39 °C within 20 min. The lowest detection limit was 10 copies/μL if the recombinant plasmid containing various copy numbers of DNA fragments was used as a template, and the lowest detection limit was 3 pg/μL if the C. sinensis genomic DNA at various concentrations served as a template. All detections were negative if the genomic DNA of A. lumbricoides, E. granulosus, S. japonicum, A. duodenale, and S. mansoni was used as templates. In addition, the fluorescent RAA assay showed a high performance for the detection of C. sinensis-infected samples in the field, which successfully detected C. sinensis-infected human and rat fecal samples and Pseudorasbora parva samples. Conclusion A fluorescent RAA assay is successfully established, which is simple, rapid, sensitivity and specific for detection of C. sinensis.

Establishment and preliminary evaluation of recombinase aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for specific nucleic acid detection of Clonorchis sinensis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To establish a recombinase aided isothermal amplification (RAA) assay for detection of Clonorchis sinensis. Methods The 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) sequence of C. sinensis was used as the target sequence, and specific primers and probes were designed, synthesized and screened to establish a rapid fluorescent RAA assay for the detection of C. sinensis. Then, the sensitivity of the fluorescent RAA assay was evaluated using the recombinant plasmids containing various copy numbers of DNA fragments and C. sinensis genomic DNA at various concentrations, and the specificity of the fluorescent RAA as say was evaluated using the genomic DNA of Ascaris lumbricoides, Echinococcus granulosus, Schistosoma japonicum, Ancylostoma duodenale and S. mansoni as templates. DNA samples were extracted from the feces containing C. sinensis eggs and freshwater fish containing metacercaria for the fluorescent RAA assay, and the performance for detection of C. sinensis-infected samples was preliminarily assessed in the field. Results A fluorescent RAA assay for detection of C. sinensis was successfully established, which was feasible for specific amplification of C. sinensis genomic DNA at 39 °C within 20 min. The lowest detection limit was 10 copies/μL if the recombinant plasmid containing various copy numbers of DNA fragments was used as a template, and the lowest detection limit was 3 pg/μL if the C. sinensis genomic DNA at various concentrations served as a template. All detections were negative if the genomic DNA of A. lumbricoides, E. granulosus, S. japonicum, A. duodenale, and S. mansoni was used as templates. In addition, the fluorescent RAA assay showed a high performance for the detection of C. sinensis-infected samples in the field, which successfully detected C. sinensis-infected human and rat fecal samples and Pseudorasbora parva samples. Conclusion A fluorescent RAA assay is successfully established, which is simple, rapid, sensitivity and specific for detection of C. sinensis.

Systematic review of efficacy and safety of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules in treatment of viral influenza / 中国中药杂志

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules in the treatment of viral influenza in order to guide clinical medication. Randomized controlled trials(RCTs) regarding Lianhua Qingwen Capsules for treatment of viral influenza were searched in the CNKI, WanFang, VIP, SinoMed and PubMed. The quality of papers selected based on the inclusion criteria were assessed according to the Cochrane collaboration method and Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. A total of 8 articles were included, with a total sample size of 955 cases, including 478 cases in the treatment group, and 477 cases in the control group. In terms of the therapeutic effect, Lianhua Qingwen Capsules group was superior to the control group, with a total effective rate RR=1.20, 95%CI [1.09,1.32], P=0.70; recovery rate of body temperature RR=1.13, 95%CI [1.02,1.24], P=0.001; rate of symptom improvement RR=1.18, 95%CI [1.12,1.24], P=0.16. In terms of adverse reactions, the control group was superior to Lianhua Qingwen Capsules, with the incidence of adverse reactions RR=1.54, 95%CI [0.73,3.24], P=0.93. Lianhua Qingwen Capsules has a better therapeutic effect on viral influenza, but the incidence of adverse reactions is high, and its safety must be taken seriously. Given the small number of documents included and the low quality, the efficacy and safety of Lianhua Qingwen Capsules shall be confirmed by more high-quality clinical studies.

Preparation of thymopentin supramolecular hydrogel and its application in immunomodulatory / 天津医药

Objective To prepare a thymopentin-contained supramolecular hydrogel, and characterize its micromorphology and mechanical property, and further investigate its effects on the cellular uptake and the immunomodulatory performance in vitro . Methods The self-assembling peptide containing thymopentin was prepared by solid phase synthesis method and identified using LC-MS after being purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Supramolecular hydrogel was prepared through a heating-cooling process, and its micromorphology and mechanical property were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and rheology. The cellular uptake efficiencies of free thymopentin and thymopentin nanofibers were observed by inverted fluorescence microscope after FITC-labeling. The abilities of free thymopentin and thymopentin nanofibers to stimulate RAW 264.7 cells to secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results A macroscopic visible supramolecular hydrogel was obtained by a heating-cooling process, composing with long cross-linked nanofibers and possessing good ductility of mechanics. Compared with free thymopentin, thymopentin nanofibers showed much more enhanced cellular uptake, and better immunomodulation property as stimulating the RAW 264.7 cells to produce much higher concentration of TNF-α in vitro . Conclusion After rational structural modification, the cellular uptake and immunomodulatory activity of thymopentin, which formed nanomedicine, were significantly enhanced. This study can provide new methods and guidance for improving the therapeutic effect of thymopentin in clinical application.

A Retrospective Analysis of 88 Solved Intentional Homicide Cases / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To summarize the key points, difficulties and relevant practical experiences for analyzing the scene of solved intentional homicide cases.@*METHODS@#The data of 88 solved intentional homicide cases in a county from 2004 to 2013 were collected and the retrospective analysis was performed.@*RESULTS@#The number of local female victims obviously higher than non-local female victims and the number of non-local suspects is obviously higher than local suspects. The number of Male suspects showed higher compared with the female. Most of them were temporary workers, unemployment or farmers with less education backgrounds. The main causes of victims' death were mechanical injury or asphyxia. The murders were acquaintances in most intentional homicide cases. The motive of the stranger murders was commonly money. The murder behavior types of homicide cases were related with people, money and sexual assault. Camouflage and guilty behavior showed the most significance.@*CONCLUSION@#The accurate identification of suspects is one of the most important task in forensic investigation and reflects the importance of the criminal scene analysis for intentional homicide cases. It also provides the direction of future research.

Effect of Heroin on DLG4 Expression in Hippocampus, Amygdala and Frontal Cortex of Rats / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the expression of discs large homolog 4 (DLG4) protein in hippocampus, amygdala and frontal cortex of rats and evaluate postsynaptic density in heroin dependence.@*METHODS@#The rat heroin dependent model was established by increasing intraperitoneal injection of heroin. DLG4 proteins in hippocampus, amygdala and frontal cortex of heroin dependent 9, 18, 36 days rats were detected with immunohistochemical staining and compared with that in the control group.@*RESULTS@#DLG4 proteins in hippocampus, amygdala and frontal cortex were gradually reduced with extension of heroin dependent time.@*CONCLUSION@#Heroin dependence can affect postsynaptic density of hippocampus, amygdala and frontal cortex. The changes become more apparent with extension of heroin dependence time.

Epidemiological features and pathogenic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease in Gansu Province, China during 2008-2012 / 病毒学报

This study aims to analyze the epidemiological features and pathogenic characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Gansu Province, China and to provide a basis for the development of effective prevention and control measures. The descriptive epidemiological analysis was used to analyse the data of HFMD cases in Gansu. The specimens collected from hospitals were subjected to RT-PCR or real-time PCR to detect human enterovirus (HEV) nucleic acid, and HEV strains were isolated using human rhabdomyosarcoma cells and human laryngeal carcinoma cells. The complete VP1-encoding region of several identified enterovirus A71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) was subjected to full-length amplification by RT-PCR and then to sequencing and analysis. A total of 52 550 HFMD cases were reported in Gansu from 2008 to 2012, including 205 severe cases and 27 deaths. The incidence rates in the whole province from 2008 to 2012 were 22.42/10(5), 49.29/10(5), 47.20/10(5), 27.27/10(5), and 55.84/10(5), respectively. There were cases in all the 14 cities or prefectures in Gansu, and Lanzhou had the largest number of cases (16 001 cases), accounting for 30.45% of all cases in the province. HFMD cases were mostly reported during May to July, accounting for 51.69% of all cases throughout the year. The male-to-female ratio was 1.69:1. Of all the cases, 87.59% were under the age of five. Of the 5 416 cases for laboratory tests, 3 322 (61.34%) were positive for HEV nucleic acid, including EV71 (46.96%), CVA16 (41.57%), and other HEVs (11.47%). Among the 186 severe cases, 114 (61.29%) were positive for HEV nucleic acid, and 82.46% of the positive cases for EV71. All the 25 dead cases were infected with EV71. A total of 402 strains were isolated from 3 111 specimens collected from hospitals (2 123 throat swab specimens, 705 stool specimens, and 705 herpes specimens), including EV71 (70.15%), CVA16 (27.11), other coxsackievirus A (3.98%), coxsackievirus B (2.49%), echovirus (1.74%), and adenovirus (1.99%). The genotyping of VP1- encoding region showed that all the 194 EV71 strains isolated during 2008-2012 belonged to the C4a evolutionary branch of C4 subtype; among the 45 CVA16 strains, 12 belonged to the Bla evolutionary branch of B1 subtype and 33 to the B1b evolutionary branch, and B1b became the predominant subtype in 2012. In conclusion, in Gansu Province, HFMD occurs mostly in children under the age of five; EV71 and CVA16 are the main pathogens of this disease, and the two are predominant alternately from 2008 to 2012; the severe and dead cases of HFMD are closely related to infection with EV71; the types of pathogens varied across different regions in the same year during 2008-2012.

Rash and fever illness caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 needs to be distinguished from hand, foot and mouth disease / 病毒学报

An epidemic of rash and fever illnesses suspected of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) occurred in Gansu Province of China in 2008, laboratory tests were performed in order to identify the pathogen that caused this epidemic. Eight clinical specimens collected from the 4 patients (each patient has throat swab and herpes fluid specimens) with rash and febrile illness, were inoculated onto RD and HEp-2 cells for virus isolation, and the viral nucleic acid was then extracted with the positive virus isolates, the dual-channel real-time reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the nucleic acid of human enterovirus (HEV) in the viral isolates at the same time. For the viral isolates with the negative results of HEV, a sequence independent single primer amplification technique (SISPA) was used for "unknown pathogen" identification. Totally, 6 viral isolates were identified as herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Comprehensive analyses results of the clinical manifestations of the patients, epidemiological findings and laboratory test indicated that this epidemic of rash and febrile illness was caused by HSV-1. The differences among the gG region of 6 HSV-1 isolates at nucleotide level and amino acid level were all small, and the identities were up to 98. 8% and 97.9%, respectively, showing that this outbreak was caused by only one viral transmission chain of HSV-1. HSV-1 and other viruses that cause rash and febrile illnesses need differential diagnosis with HFMD. The etiology of rash and febrile illness is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the clinical symptoms and epidemiological data, the laboratory diagnosis is therefore critical.

Transnasal endoscopic anatomy and approaches to the cavernous sinus / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The goal of the current study is to describe the transnasal endoscopic anatomy of the cavernous sinus and to provide the surgical approaches to this area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six silicon-injected adult cadaveric heads (12 sides) were dissected through endoscopic endonasal approach. The cavernous sinus and adjacent structures were exposed; detailed anatomies were demonstrated. High-quality pictures were produced.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The cavernous sinus had four walls, namely medial, lateral, posterior and superior walls. Five venous spaces within the sinus were identified by their relation to the carotid artery; those were the medial, lateral, posterosuperior, posteroinferior and anterolateral compartments. Three branches arising from the cavernous segment of internal carotid artery from proximal to distal were meningohypophyseal trunk, inferolateral trunk and McConnell capsular artery. Cavernous sinuses communicated each other by intercavernous sinuses, as well as basilar sinus in middle line, and connected with superior and inferior petrosal sinuses. The third and fourth nerves coursed in superior part of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus; Meckel's cave located in the posteroinferior part of the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus; V1 sloped to the superior orbital fissure along the lateral wall; the sixth nerve entered the posteroinferior compartment then passed through the internal carotid artery and reached to superior orbital fissure. The approaches to the cavernous sinus included trans-sphenoid-sellar-medial cavernous sinus (medial to the internal carotid artery) and trans-ethmoid-pterygoid-sphenoid-lateral cavernous sinus (lateral to the internal carotid artery). Trans-sphenoid-sellar-medial cavernous sinus approach was able to expose medial compartment and posterosuperior compartment and part of posteroinferior compartment. Trans-ethmoid-pterygoid-sphenoid-lateral cavernous sinus approach was able to expose anteroinferior compartment, lateral cavernous sinus and cranial nerves in lateral wall.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>An understanding of the complex relationships of the cavernous segment of internal carotid artery and cranial nerves in cavernous sinus is paramount for surgically dealing with the disease involved cavernous sinus and adjacent region.</p>

GbWRKY1, a novel cotton (Gossypium barbadense) WRKY gene isolated from a bacteriophage full-length cDNA library, is induced by infection with Verticillium dahliae.

WRKY transcription factor proteins play important roles in diverse stress responses. In this study, we first cloned a novel WRKY from our constructed bacteriophage full-length cDNA library for cotton (Gossypium barbadense). The plants were stressed by exposure to a defoliating strain of Verticillium dahliae. The capacity of primary cDNA library was 1.28 × 106 PFU and the titer of the amplified cDNA library was >1010 PFU mL–1. The recombination rate of the library was 94% and average insert size was about 1.1 kb. This novel gene, named GbWRKY1 was 1971 bp long and encodes a protein of 489 amino acids. It contains two characteristic WRKY domains and two zinc finger motifs. The sub-cellular assay indicated that GbWRKY1–GFP fusion protein was localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis showed that expression pattern of GbWRKY1 was similar among tissue types (roots, stems and leaves), but differed between pathogen-infiltrated and Czapek medium-infiltrated (untreated control) plants. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that GbWRKY1 could also be induced by salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). These findings clearly suggest that as a pathogen-inducible transcription factor GbWRKY1 plays an important role in plant defense responses.

Surgical therapy of midline skull defect accompanied with frontal sinus injury / 中华整形外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the surgical therapy of midline skull defect accompanied with frontal sinus injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>11 cases with midline skull defect accompanied with frontal sinus injury were treated. Free temporal fascia was transplanted to close the top of frontal sinus after curettage of the frontal sinus wall. Then titanium prostheses were used to repair the skull defects at the same stage in 10 patients. 1 patient received skull defect repair at the second stage operation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Good results were achieved in 10 cases. The titanium prosthesis had to be taken out in one case due to frontal sinusitis and the anastomosis of frontal sinus and nasal cavity was performed.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>In patients with midline skull defect accompanied with frontal sinus injury, free temporal fascia could be used to close the top of frontal sinus after curettage of frontal sinus wall. If there is no infection or mild infection in frontal sinus, the skull defect repair could be performed in the same stage. If there is severe frontal sinusitis, the defect repair should be done at the second stage.</p>

Application of unilateral olfactory testing and clinical analysis of unilateral hyposmia / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate whether patients presenting with self-reported olfactory disorders demonstrates significant side difference in odour recognition by measuring separately for each nostril.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and four patients with chief complaint of hyposmia were evaluated by medical history, physical examination, T&T olfactory testing and medical imaging. Smell was tested using T&T olfactometry in each nostril separately.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Based on the history and results from the clinical examination, unilateral sinonasal diseases and abnormal nasal structure were excluded. In almost one eighth of all presenting patients (13.46%), a side difference was detected. Especially, six of the patients were identified with lateralized hyposmia.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Olfactory testing could be performed in each nostril separately. The above findings suggested that testing each nostril separately was necessary so as not to miss unilateral hyposmia as a special clinical manifestation of olfactory disorder.</p>

Effect of willed movement therapy on the expression of neurotrophin 3 and growth-associated protein 43 in rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of willed movement therapy on the expression of neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (IR) and investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of willed movement therapy in nerve regeneration and repair.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cerebral IR model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in SD rats. The rats were randomly divided into MCAO group, environment modification group (EM group) and willed movement therapy group (WM group). The rats were evaluated for neurological deficits and decapitated on days 3, 7 and 15 after the reperfusion to examine the expressions of NT-3 and GAP-43 in the ischemic brain tissues by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with MCAO and EM groups, the rats in WM group showed significantly lowered grade of neurological deficits (P<0.05) at 15 days and significantly increased the expressions of NT-3 and GAP-43 (P<0.05) at 7 and 15 days after the reperfusion. No significant difference was found in the expression of NT-3 and GAP-43 between MCAO and EM groups (P>0.05). The expression of NT-3 was positively correlated to that of GAP-43 in the ischemic tissues.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Willed movement therapy increases the expression of NT-3 and GAP-43 in the ischemic brain area in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, which is probably related to nerve regeneration and repair.</p>